Obesity is defined as excessive fat accumulation that presents a health risk. Obesity in dogs is now officially recognised as a disease by many pet health organisations. A survey amongst veterinary professionals confirmed that 51% of dogs are overweight or obese highlighting that obesity is a growing concern. Within the same survey 100% of the vets said they were concerned about the rise in obesity however research amongst 8000 households confirmed that 67% of pet owners admit that they are not worried about their pets’ weight. This suggests that the majority of dog owners are unaware of the health risks associated with obesity or are unable to identify if their pet is overweight.
The risks associated with obesity in dogs include musculoskeletal disease such as arthritis, cardiac disease, respiratory disease, diabetes mellitus and shortened life expectancy. As well as increased health risks, research suggests there is a clear link between an animal’s ideal weight and their quality of life. Maintaining a healthy weight can ensure the pet remains mobile, physically able to explore their surroundings and be free from discomfort.
Is my dog overweight?
To establish if a dog is at their ideal weight a body condition scoring (BCS) system can be used. BCS can be subjective however the 5-interger scale BCS system has been shown to have good repeatability and predictability between different users. On a scale of 1 to 5 the optimal score for dogs is 3. Although some level of understanding is required, pet owners can use the visual and physical examination described in the BCS to determine their pets body condition.
Score | Location Feature | Estimated Body Fat (%) | Image |
---|---|---|---|
1 Emaciated | Ribs and bony prominences are visible and easily palpable with no fat cover. Severe abdominal tuck when viewed from the side and an exaggerated hourglass shape when viewed from above. | ≤4% | |
2 Thin | Ribs and bony prominences are easily palpable with minimal fat cover. Marked abdominal tuck when viewed from the side and an obvious waist when viewed from above. | 5-15% | |
3 Ideal | Ribs and bony prominences are palpable with a slight fat cover. Abdominal tuck is present when viewed from the side, and a well proportioned waist when viewed from above. | 15-25% | |
4 Overweight | Ribs and bony prominences can be felt under a moderate fatcover. No abdominal tuck but a moderate abdominal fat pad is visible when viewed from the side and no waist when viewed from above. | 25-35% | |
5 Grossly Obese | Ribs and bony prominences are very difficult to feel under a thick fat cover. Large pendulous ventral bulge with extensive abdominal fat deposits, when viewed from the side. Markedly broadened back when viewed from above. Fat deposits around face, neck and limbs | >40% |
Why is my dog overweight?
Obesity is often a result of increased energy intake and reduced energy expenditure however it can also be a result of the animal’s metabolism. Other factors which can affect weight include:
• Breed and Genetics
• Physical activity
• Neuter status
• Sex
• Age
• Disease/Medical Conditions
• Environmental factors
A study by Coe and colleagues (2019) found that when dog owners were asked to measure out their pets kibble inaccurate measurements ranged from 47% underestimation to 152% overestimation. Underestimation can lead to weight loss and in some cases nutrient deficiency whereas overestimation can lead to weight gain. The study concluded that using electronic weigh scales to measure food was the most accurate device.
Dog Obesity and Weight Loss: What should I feed my dog?
Therapeutic treatments for obesity include dietary management and increased physical activity. Diets high in protein and fibre have shown to be successful at increasing satisfaction and fullness. Diets supplemented with L-Carnitine have also shown to aid weight and fat loss in overweight dogs. Complete pet food diets can be formulated specifically to target weight loss which typically have reduced metabolisable energy (kcals) and a lower fat content compared to standard diets. These types of diets are usually marketed as “Light” feeds.
Metabolisable energy content of dry pet food is calculated using a standardised calculation referred to as the National Research Council (NRC) four step predictive equation. For dogs prone to weight gain it is recommended to feed ≤ 90 kcal ME/kg0.75 in dogs. When feeding a specific diet for weight loss the feeding guidelines for the product will reflect the reduction in calorie intake required. Adjustments to feeding amounts may still be needed throughout the weight loss programme depending on the individual pet. Feeding guides do not factor in any additional calories consumed in other forms such as treats, chews, table scraps, etc. Complementary feeds, such as treats, should be restricted if the dog is on a diet or the additional calories should be factored in to the feeding regime.
Exercise
A contributing factor to weight gain in pets is the lack of exercise. Exercise can be in many different forms such as walking, playing or training. Although more research is needed, puzzle feeders or scatter feeding have shown to provide enrichment and stimulation as well as extending feeding times. A tailored exercise regime, alongside the correct calorie intake, can aid weight loss and subsequently weight maintenance.
Weight Maintenance
Once your dog has reached their optimal weight it is important to maintain this, which can be challenging. For weight maintenance in dogs the daily recommended intake can increase to 110 kcal ME/kg0.75 assuming the dog is participating in moderate levels (1-3 hours/day) of activity. Daily intake can be adjusted to suit the individual dog’s condition and lifestyle in order to maintain their optimum weight.